Comparison tool
Enfuvirtide vs LL-37 side-by-side
Stack up to four peptides by evidence status, mechanisms, study dosing, side effects, and references.
Comparison tool
Stack up to four peptides by evidence status, mechanisms, study dosing, side effects, and references.
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| Property | Enfuvirtide | LL-37 |
|---|---|---|
| Category | Immune | Immune |
| Also known as | Fuzeon, T-20 | Cathelicidin, CAP18 |
| FDA approved | Yes | No |
| Clinical status | FDA approved; source also reports commercial discontinuation in February 2025 and withdrawal from US, UK, and Canadian markets.
| Investigational; source notes clinical trials for wound healing and FDA Category 2 restricted status due to limited safety data and immunogenicity concerns.
|
| What to expect | HIV treatment, viral infection management | Antimicrobial, infections, biofilm disruption, wound healing |
| How it works | Enfuvirtide is described as a peptide HIV fusion inhibitor that targets gp41. It resembles the HR2 segment of gp41 and binds the HR1 region, disrupting the conformational pairing needed to draw viral and host-cell membranes together. Because that fusion step is blocked, the virus is prevented from entering the cell through this pathway. | LL-37 is described as a positively charged, amphipathic host-defense peptide that can associate with negatively charged microbial membranes and disrupt them. Beyond direct antimicrobial effects, the source reports signaling roles that include neutralizing bacterial LPS, shaping inflammatory activity, recruiting immune cells to sites of injury or infection, and supporting epithelial repair. The source notes production in epithelial tissues such as skin, gut, and lung, as well as immune cells including neutrophils. |
| Typical dosing | Limited community data available · See research protocols | 100-200 mcg daily · Once daily |
| Research dosing | 90 mg subcutaneous twice daily · Twice daily · Ongoing as part of HIV regimen · Subcutaneous injection twice daily | 100-200 mcg subcutaneous · Variable by protocol · Subcutaneous injection or topical |
| Typical duration | Ongoing as part of HIV regimen | Variable by protocol |
| Administration | Subcutaneous injection twice daily | Subcutaneous injection or topical |
| Timing | Morning or as directed With or without food | Morning With or without food |
| Evidence level | FDA Approved | Clinical Trials |
| Possible side effects |
+3 more
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+4 more
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| Research summary | The source characterizes enfuvirtide as a well-studied antiretroviral peptide rather than a speculative research compound. It cites the TORO 1 and TORO 2 phase 3 trials in heavily treatment-experienced participants, where enfuvirtide added to an optimized background regimen produced larger viral-load reductions than optimized background therapy alone. The source also notes earlier dose-ranging studies in HIV-infected adults, frequent injection-site reactions, practical burden from twice-daily injections, resistance linked to gp41 HR1 mutations, and combination-regimen use. | The source presents LL-37 as a well-studied endogenous component of human innate immunity, with literature support for broad antimicrobial activity, membrane disruption, and distribution across epithelial and immune tissues. It also reports exploratory research on LL-37 or related mimics in laboratory anticancer models, Helicobacter pylori host-defense research, and ocular-surface pathogen contexts. The evidence described is strongest for LL-37 as a natural immune peptide; deliberate administration remains experimental in the supplied source, and the source flags that LL-37 may worsen inflammation in some disease settings. |
| References | ||
| Full profile | View Details | View Details |
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Track your peptide journeyEducational use only. This information is aggregated from public research and community reports. It is not medical advice, and dosing details are descriptive, not recommendations. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional.